Biology
Biology
In 1802, the study of organisms was
first given by French scientist Lamarck and later by German scientist
Treviernes named biology. Today we have known about 17-18
lakh varieties of species
present on the earth, ie species. In these we can distinguish the fauna of
animals and plants. That is why biology is divided into two sub-disciplines -
plant or botany i.e. botany and zoology i.e. zoology.
What is life
We can see and touch living beings and all
non-living things, but we cannot see or touch the "life" of living
beings. In fact, "life" is a particular type of energy or energy
produced in the matter of living organisms.
Therefore, no direct definition can be given;
Like love, hated, fascination, greed, simplicity, gentleness, goodness, evil,
etc., it is abstract or abstraction.
We can only
say that "Organized matter (living matter) or living organism is the
bio-condition of life."
How is the organism
different from non-living objects
Although
living beings and all non-living things are made up of matter, and we cannot
see or touch "life", yet we easily identify organisms separately from
inanimate objects.
The reason
for this is that the composition of matter in organisms is such that
"bio-energy"
It is made.
By this energy, organisms perform many types of biological activities. From
which we identify them as spast. All these organizational and functional
characteristics of the livestock are given below.
1. Shape and Measure - In organisms, according to their variety, or species ,
there are different, but definite, shapes and sizes. Therefore, we identify
them separately. In contrast, inanimate objects vary in size and measurement,
from the water drop to the vast ocean, or from the particle of sand to the huge
mountain.
2. Chemical Composition - As is clear from the full description, there is an extreme
distinction in chemical composition of matter between organisms and non-living
objects. While "organic matter" is a complex chemical composition
composed mainly of large organic molecules, all The substance of inanimate objects
is simple and small, mainly an unorganized mixture of inorganic molecules.
3. Cellular organization -
In the body of organisms form one or several small and artificially
isolated units called cells. The reason for this is that each cell is an
autonomous unit of life. Most of the multicellular organisms also have their
own cells in the body in organized tissues, organs and organ systems. Inanimate
objects do not have such a structural composition of matter.
4. Metabolism - By chemical and physical processes,
there is a continuous conversion of the substances taken. The collective name
of these processes is metabolism. One aspect of metabolism - to increase and
repair. anabolism, is the synthesis of complex components of an organism from
nutrients derived from food and in another aspect - catabolism - of nutrients
to produce the energy required for various bio-activities. Combustion or
oxidation or decomposition occurs. Therefore, the analogy of living cells is
given from a "small chemical factory".
5. Movement and motion - The motion of the entire body is called movement and
movement of body parts is called motion.
6. Nutrition- It is called nutritional activity
by the organisms to receive the necessary substances from their environment for
growth, repair and energy production. For nutrition, green flora is takes from
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water and salts from the soil, the sun -
With the help of light energy, synthesizes nutrients. Animals take these
substances as food, by chemical and physical processes, they change these
substances so much that they can be consumed in the body's animal. Therefore,
in the nutrition of animals takes place following steps.
- · FOOD INGESTION
- · DIGESTION
- · ABSORPTION
- · ASSIMILATION
- · EGESTION
7. Growth - Under Metabolism, all living organisms get nutrients in their matter
i.e. body
By
increasing the amount of nutrition. This makes the body bigger, that is,
growth.
8. Respiration - The energy required for
bio-activities is produced by all organisms, under metabolism, by decomposition
of nutrients (fuel substances), especially sugar, by fermentation, by
combustion or oxidation of the atmosphere by oxygen. .
9. Excretion - In the body's cells, water, carbon
dioxide and nitrogenous waste products and bi products are formed as a result
of constant metabolism and other conversion of substances under metabolism. The
bioactivity of taking them out of the body is called excretion.
10. Reactivity, adaptability
and isotropy - Changes
in the environment are called stimuli. They also occur outside the body (light,
sound, touch, chemical, etc.) and within the body itself (hunger, thirst, pain
etc.). According to them, the changes in bio-activities are called reactions.
This ability of organisms is called irritability or reactivity. Maintaining its
normal or regular state by reactivity is called homeostasis.
11. Fertility, life cycle and
death - members of each
generation from the next generation By originating the members themselves
become weak-bodied and old and in the end they are dead and destroyed. This
cycle goes on from generation to generation. This is called the life cycle.
12. Biological evolution - In the millions of years, due to
the increasing of these variations, new creatures are developed from the
ancient living species. Therefore, the organism is not only the producer of its
own caste, but is also the creator of the more developed, new - new species.
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