Biology

 

Biology

In 1802, the study of organisms was first given by French scientist Lamarck and later by German scientist Treviernes named biology. Today we have known about 17-18 lakh varieties of species present on the earth, ie species. In these we can distinguish the fauna of animals and plants. That is why biology is divided into two sub-disciplines - plant or botany i.e. botany and zoology i.e. zoology.

What is life

 We can see and touch living beings and all non-living things, but we cannot see or touch the "life" of living beings. In fact, "life" is a particular type of energy or energy produced in the matter of living organisms.

  Therefore, no direct definition can be given; Like love, hated, fascination, greed, simplicity, gentleness, goodness, evil, etc., it is abstract or abstraction.

We can only say that "Organized matter (living matter) or living organism is the bio-condition of life."

How is the organism different from non-living objects

Although living beings and all non-living things are made up of matter, and we cannot see or touch "life", yet we easily identify organisms separately from inanimate objects.

The reason for this is that the composition of matter in organisms is such that "bio-energy"

It is made. By this energy, organisms perform many types of biological activities. From which we identify them as spast. All these organizational and functional characteristics of the livestock are given below.

1. Shape and Measure - In organisms, according to their variety, or species , there are different, but definite, shapes and sizes. Therefore, we identify them separately. In contrast, inanimate objects vary in size and measurement, from the water drop to the vast ocean, or from the particle of sand to the huge mountain.

2. Chemical Composition - As is clear from the full description, there is an extreme distinction in chemical composition of matter between organisms and non-living objects. While "organic matter" is a complex chemical composition composed mainly of large organic molecules, all The substance of inanimate objects is simple and small, mainly an unorganized mixture of inorganic molecules.

3. Cellular organization -  In the body of organisms form one or several small and artificially isolated units called cells. The reason for this is that each cell is an autonomous unit of life. Most of the multicellular organisms also have their own cells in the body in organized tissues, organs and organ systems. Inanimate objects do not have such a structural composition of matter.

4. Metabolism  - By chemical and physical processes, there is a continuous conversion of the substances taken. The collective name of these processes is metabolism. One aspect of metabolism - to increase and repair. anabolism, is the synthesis of complex components of an organism from nutrients derived from food and in another aspect - catabolism - of nutrients to produce the energy required for various bio-activities. Combustion or oxidation or decomposition occurs. Therefore, the analogy of living cells is given from a "small chemical factory".

5. Movement and motion - The motion  of the entire body is called movement and movement of body parts is called motion.

6. Nutrition- It is called nutritional activity by the organisms to receive the necessary substances from their environment for growth, repair and energy production. For nutrition, green flora is takes from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water and salts from the soil, the sun - With the help of light energy, synthesizes nutrients. Animals take these substances as food, by chemical and physical processes, they change these substances so much that they can be consumed in the body's animal. Therefore, in the nutrition of animals takes place following steps.

• ·       FOOD INGESTION
• ·      DIGESTION
• ·      ABSORPTION
• ·      ASSIMILATION
• ·      EGESTION

7. Growth - Under Metabolism, all living organisms get nutrients in their matter i.e. body

By increasing the amount of nutrition. This makes the body bigger, that is, growth.

8. Respiration - The energy required for bio-activities is produced by all organisms, under metabolism, by decomposition of nutrients (fuel substances), especially sugar, by fermentation, by combustion or oxidation of the atmosphere by oxygen. .

9. Excretion - In the body's cells, water, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste products and bi products are formed as a result of constant metabolism and other conversion of substances under metabolism. The bioactivity of taking them out of the body is called excretion.

10. Reactivity, adaptability and isotropy - Changes in the environment are called stimuli. They also occur outside the body (light, sound, touch, chemical, etc.) and within the body itself (hunger, thirst, pain etc.). According to them, the changes in bio-activities are called reactions. This ability of organisms is called irritability or reactivity. Maintaining its normal or regular state by reactivity is called homeostasis.

11. Fertility, life cycle and death - members of each generation from the next generation By originating the members themselves become weak-bodied and old and in the end they are dead and destroyed. This cycle goes on from generation to generation. This is called the life cycle.

12. Biological evolution - In the millions of years, due to the increasing of these variations, new creatures are developed from the ancient living species. Therefore, the organism is not only the producer of its own caste, but is also the creator of the more developed, new - new species.